An ethical framework for pharmacy management: balancing autonomy and other principles.

Decisions to control pharmaceutical costs can cause conflicts as to what medications are covered. Such conflicts have ethical implications, however implicit, and given this fact, an ethical framework can help address them. In the following commentary, we discuss the more traditional, individual-level ethical considerations likely familiar to most clinicians. We, then, discuss population-level ethical constructs that clinicians may not as readily embrace. We also present a hypothetical cancer-care case to illustrate how imbalances in ethical foci between individual- and population-level constructs may lead to conflicts among health care actors and promote shifts in pharmaceutical decision making away from providers and toward payers, paradoxically reducing provider autonomy and hence patient autonomy. Finally, we propose a more comprehensive ethical framework to help converge individual, payer, and societal interests when making pharmaceutical use decisions. Pharmacists play a crucial role as pharmacy benefits managers and should be familiar with individual- and population-based ethical constructs.